The manipulation of beneficial organisms remains a very important tool in integrated pest management programs of insect pests worldwide. Biological control is the management of a pest through the use of their natural enemies biological control agent. Biological control is a process of suppressing or controlling the unwanted population of insects, other animals, or plants by the introduction or artificial increase of their natural enemies to reasonably nonimportant levels. Biological control, the use of living organisms as pest control agents, has enjoyed varying popularity in the past, but today is well established as an important component of ipm. The growing emphasis on environmental and food safety issues has intensified interest in the development of biological controls as a means for controlling pests. The first section is a general overview of biological weed control with reference to the history, the fundamentals, and the methodologies of biological weed control. Biological control of weeds involves searching for and reuniting specialized natural enemies that may be effective in reducing the abundance of the specific weed. Weeds are the most costly category of agricultural pests, causing more yield losses and added labor costs than either insect pests or crop disease. They limit the productivity of the lands and hence affect crop development and yield. Crop rotation certain pests are more common in some crops than in others. Enhancement of biological control in annual agricultural environments. The importance of biological control in agriculture. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant. Crop pest, weed, and disease management guidance for.
This guide emphasizes the biological control of insects but biological control of weeds and plant diseases is also included. Companion planting and insect pest control intechopen. It can be an important component of integrated pest management ipm. Since the late 1800s, more than 200 invasive insect pests and over 50 weeds across the globe have been completely or partially suppressed through biological control, often with favorable benefit. The classical example of control of prickly pears in australia by the cactus moth cactoblastis cactorum, which was imported from the americas, helped to set the future for biocontrol of weeds in many countries. Analysis of systems for biological control of crop pests in the us by augmentation of predators and parasites. Since the late 1800s, more than 200 invasive insect pests and over 50 weeds across the globe have been completely or partially suppressed through biological control. Many weed specie s survive fr om year to year by producing seeds. When chemical pesticides are applied to protect plants from pests, diseases or overgrowth by weeds, we speak of plant protection products. Biological control and integrated pest management springerlink. Parasite introduction for the biological control of three pests in the lesser antilles and british honduras.
Use of multiple methods at the same time is called integrated pest management or ipm. The practice of augmentation differs from importation and conservation in that making permanent changes in a agroecosystem to improve biological control is not the primary goal. Earthkind gardening series cultural control practices. It is important because crop pests become resistant to chemical pesticides. A great deal of literature discusses the effect of organisms used for biological control of weeds. Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, which attempts to stop weeds, especially noxious weeds, from competing with desired flora and fauna including domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings preventing non native species competing with native species.
Examples of successful biological control of weeds with introduced insects and pathogens data from olckers et al. Field crop and forage pests and their natural enemies in western canada pdf, 6. Biological control of weeds in terrestrial and aquatic environments. The biological control of pests research unit bcpru. Biological control in integrated weed management that reduces or eliminates reliance on herbicides. Biological pest control uses, advantages and disadvantages. Fung i or insects that attac k seeds can reduce the number of weed seeds stored in the soil, which in turn can reduce the size of future weed populations. Foreign exploration and surveys will be conducted cooperatively to identify biological control agents in the home range of pest species. Dna barcoding of endophagous immature stages elucidates the hostplant affinities of insects associated with the invasive senecio madagascariensis in its native range in south africa. An overview of classical biological control in the caribbean and some examples of the utilization of entomophagous insects. Social and economic factors affecting research and implementation of biological control. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. We define biological control as the decline in pest density as a result of the presence of natural enemies. Biological control of weeds is the use of one organism to control another.
Due to the overuse of pesticides, sustainable pest control methods are in demand, within the context of integrated pest management ipm 1. Journal common insect pests of rice and their natural. Classical biological control of invasive legacy crop pests mdpi. The use of biological control agents for the control of pests has long been an integral part of the pest management strategy in crop production and forestry and in the protection of man and animals. Biological control weed science society of america. Crop pest, weed, and disease management guidance for produce. Indirect damage is that damage caused to any part of the plant or. Handbook of biological control download ebook pdf, epub. Weeds are deleterious and the harms they cause are enormous. Biological control for weed management kootenai county, id. In ancient times, the chinese discovered that increasing ant populations in their citrus groves helped decrease destructive populations of large boring beetles and caterpillars. Potential for biological control of crop pests in the. Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. Biological control of insect pests and weeds paul debach, editor.
Chemical pesticides are often used to control diseases, pests or weeds. Biological control is an environmentally sound and effective means of reducing or mitigating pests and pest effects through the use of natural enemies. Invited speaker on biological control of terrestrial weeds for the departments graduate course on biological control eny 5241 on 23 march. Biological control pacific northwest pest management. Controlling pests biologically biological control is an approach to reducing populations of harmful organisms with natural enemies. A small wasp, trichogramma ostriniae, introduced from china to help control the european corn borer, is a recent example of a long history of classical biological control efforts for this major pest.
Examples include sheep to control tansy ragwort or leafy spurge, cinnabar moth and the tansy flea beetle to control tansy ragwort. Exotic plants in new ecosystems where they may be of no economic importance and where their original biological enemies may be absent become weeds, difficult to manage by crop farmers. Types of weeds and effective methods of weed control. Biological control pacific northwest pest management handbooks. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of fungicides against pyricularia grisea causing finger millet blast disease. Similarly, insects frequently have been instruments of biological control for other insects or invasive weeds see chapter 17.
Plant order as in julien and griffiths except aquatic plants are grouped at the end. Impacts of crop pests on weeds and weedcrop interactions. Mixed cropping systems for biological control of weeds and. Biological control of an agricultural pest protects tropical. Biological control is a long term approach to create a sustainable, effective, environmentallysound and economical management tool in reducing the abundance and damaging effects of.
However, the most common biological control agents used in the pest control are predators, parasitoid and microbial antagonists with emphasis. The plant health instructor, 2006 biological control, page 1 pal, k. Biological control of an agricultural pest protects. Because organic farming excludes the use of synthetic herbicides, most organic farmers consider effective organic weed control a top research priority. Pdf biological control of insect pests and weeds in india. Biological control of weeds in australia csiro publishing. Biological control of arthropod pests and weeds university. Biological control of weeds is the deliberate use of natural enemies to reduce the density of a purticular weed to a tolerable level the objective of biological weed control is not eradication but simply the reduction of the weed population to an economically low level in fact for biological.
Exploration, importation, and assessment of natural enemies for invasive pests. Many classical biological control programs for insect pests and weeds are. United nations, ipm means considering all available pest control techniques and other measures that discourage the development of pest populations, while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The effective use of natural enemies in biological control programs is contingent upon understanding their ecology and that of their targets, their interaction with production practices, and the most effective means of using them.
All india coordinated research project on biological control of crop pests and weeds annual progress report 201220 compiled and edited by b. Biological control of major crop plant diseases book chapter. Biological control of pests and weeds of agricultural crops. Biological control has been a valuable tactic in pest management programs. Microbial control of pests and weeds sciencedirect. This is a list of undomesticated or feral plants, generally considered weeds, yet having some positive effects or uses, often being ideal as companion plants in gardens. Cor 2006, aspects of applied biology 79 issn 02651491, 215220 in trenthorst 2004 and at both sites in 2005 pea development was clearly reduced by the false flax figure 1. However, these pests are gradually becoming resistant to these agents, because the agents themselves are acting as selective factors making the pests better and better able to resist and persist. Ooi about 187 species of insects have been recorded on rice yunus and ho,1980, but few have ever become serious pests. More broadly, the term biological control also has been applied to the use of the natural products extracted or fermented from various sources.
A global catalog of biological control agents and target weeds includes all deliberate releases made through 2012 schwarzlander et al. To plan an effective weed management program in organic systems, you should consider historical pest problems, soil management, crop rotation, machinery, markets, weather, and time and labor. Biological pest control an overview sciencedirect topics. Common insect pests of rice and their natural biological control an illustrated guide to the insect pests that feed on rice plants and the organisms that feed on and control those pests. Organisms introduced from other parts of the world are called exotic or nonindigenous, as opposed to native or indigenous organisms. Classical biological control, which seeks to reunite the aforementioned invasive weeds with one or more of their coevolved natural enemies, can provide an environmentally sustainable, cost effective, and permanent solution to these invasive weed problems. Most successful weed management plans use a number of methods. Provided, that, the conditions for using the substance are. Efforts towards reducing reliance on herbicides and other methods for environmental, health, economic and sustainability. Mixed cropping systems for biological control of weeds and pests in organic oilseed crops. Cor 2006, aspects of applied biology 79 issn 02651491, 215220 2005, losses of buds caused by m. Principles of sustainable weed management in organic. This book is a comprehensive and authoritative handbook of biological control. Pdf lecture notes for ento 675 biological control of.
Biological control is the beneficial action of parasites, pathogens, and predators in managing pests and their damage. Insect and weed biological control researchers will collaborate during the screening of natural enemies of insect pests. The literature relating to the impact of other pests on weeds of agroecosystems is minimal. The biological control of plant diseases differs from insect. Can biological control really help get rid of those pesky pests. Classical biological control is the most common biological control method used against plants and should generally be part of an integrated pest management program. Randall and mandy tu biological control biocontrol for short is the use of animals, fungi, or other microbes to feed upon, parasitize or otherwise interfere with a targeted pest species. Participated in a polycom inservice training for county agents on aquatics and invasive plants held on 30 march. In india, biocontrol research laboratories bcrl, a division of pest control india pci limited now known as rentokilpci under contract. Biological control and natural enemies of invertebrates.
A biological control agent is an organism such as a virus, insect or plant disease. Biological control, or biological pest control, is the reduction of pest populations by using natural enemies. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Biological control of weeds will not eliminate the need to use chemical herbicides. Serve as alternate hosts for insect pests and plant pathogens. Pdf biological control of insect pests in the tropics. Chemical control is based on substances that are toxic poisonous to the pests involved. Biological control is a tool used in integrated pest. Overview of biological methods of weed control intechopen.
Chapter9 biological control and integrated pest management david orr abstract the manipulation of bene. Synthetic pesticides became the major tool to control pests and. This resource can serve to inform additional research and education on effective biological control. Possibilities of effective biological control of those pests causing direct damage to crops as opposed to indirect damage. Biological control of insects in urban environments. That use of a natural enemy to control a pest marked the birth of biological control. As a result, the use of biological controlling agents is increasing. Classical biocontrol is not expected to eliminate the pest species completely and it often takes. Source whether they be insects, weeds, or otherwise, pests are annoying. Biological control is a tool used in integrated pest management ipm for several field agricultural systems and in protected crops systems 2.
Biological control of weeds has been practised for over 100 years and australia has been a leader in this weed management technique. The vast majority of the time, whatever predator is introduced will only control the population of the pest they are meant to target, making it a green alternative to chemical or mechanical control methods. Beneficial weeds can accomplish a number of roles in the garden or yard, including fertilizing the soil, increasing moisture. Pesticides, one option to combat pest damage, have been one of the fastest growing agricultural production inputs in the postworld war ii era, and have contributed to the high productivity of u. Biological control, environmental policy, ipm programs. Biological control biocontrol for short is the use of animals, fungi, or other microbes to feed upon, parasitize or otherwise interfere with a targeted pest species. Unattractive to pests cultural control methods include properly selecting and rotating crops, sanitizing and solarizing the soil, choosing the best planting and harvest times, using resistant varieties and certified plants, taking advantage of allelopathy, and intercropping. Biological control is the study of relationships among weeds, their associated organisms, and the environment, followed by the manipulation of selected species of these organisms natural enemies to the detriment of a target weed species. Thomson and hoffman 2010 reported that biological control of insect pests was enhanced when vinyards were surrounded by natural remnant forest or planted woody vegetation, compared to no woody vegetation. This chapter describes the approaches to using biological control and a historical perspective of each. The following factsheet explains how biological control helps suppress problem weeds using a weeds natural enemies and live organisms. Biocontrol provided by these living organisms, collectively called natural enemies, is especially important for reducing the numbers of pest insects and mites. Biological control of weeds includes insects and pathogens. The primary weed control strategies for organic systems are cultural and mechanical, focusing on prevention, crop rotation, crop competition, and cultivation.
Tips on various herbicides and integrated pest management. Classical biological control, which is biological control of nonnative invasive weeds with natural enemies originating from the native range of the weed, has proven a viable strategy for managing weeds in areas subjected to lowintensity management, such as rangelands, forests, preserved natural areas, and some waterways. Potential for negative interactions between successful arthropod and weed biological control programs. Weed identification and control penn state extension. The united states, australia, south africa, canada, and new zealand use biocontrol the most. Examples include sheep to control tansy ragwort or leafy spurge, cinnabar moth and the tansy flea beetle to control. Banker plants are usually non crop species that are deliberately infested with a non pest insect and improves biological control by providing natural enemies with alternative prey e. There are hundreds of biological control products available commercially for dozens of pest invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and plant pathogens anonymous 1995. Weeds are great threats to successful crop production. In both fields, the organism that suppresses the pest or pathogen is referred to as the biological control agent bca. All india coordinated research project on biological. Caribbean meetings on biological control, 57 november 1990, guadeloupe. H m paulsen, m schochow, b ulber, s kuhne and g rahmann 2006. The cost of developing and conducting a biological control program varies with the target weed and the strategy selected.
Biological, cultural, and chemical control of pests learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Weed control methods handbook, the nature conservancy, tu et al. For farmers, ipm is the best combination of cultural, biological and chemical measures to manage diseases, insects, weeds and other pests. Chapter9 biological control and integrated pest management. Classical weed biological control biocontrol is a weed management tool that is inexpensive, selfsustaining, and hostspecific and may help reduce the negative impact of weeds, particularly where other control methods are not feasible. Biological control of medical and veterinary pests. Biological control of weeds on the prairies pdf, 259 kb. Biological control and agricultural modernization agroecology in. Inundative releases of predators and integrated pest management are less widely used. Growers, pest control advisers, landscape professionals, home gardeners, pest management teachers and students, and anyone fascinated by natural enemies and their prey will want this book to find, identify, and use natural enemies to control pests in almost any agricultural crop, garden, or landscape. Biological control of pests, weeds and diseases pest is an integral part of a successful integrated pest management plan. Natural enemies of insect pests include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens.
1105 1515 1451 1045 770 663 91 737 1416 157 863 838 1237 1348 256 1363 179 1134 976 743 145 1020 1065 925 1014 1316 954 661 388 1248